December 9th: Robert Liston
For your typical adult, Christmas always seems to fly by. This
is probably a consequence of the ever increasing build-up to Christmas, which the
commercial sector currently starts advertising some time around the summer
solstice. With a build up that lasts for at least 2 meteorological seasons for
something that lasts about 3 days (not counting the desperate Bacchanal that is New
Years Eve), it's no wonder that Christmas seems to go by in a mad rush.
But despite the ludicrous build up time, there still seems
to be a frantic sense of rush around Christmas. There have been months to get
everything done, but still the shops are clogged on Christmas eve with people
suffering a sudden attack of remembering they have family, , and whoever is in charge
of hosting the family on the day itself usually ends up as a twitching mass of
stress and tension, red enough to rival the jolly fat man himself (either Santa
or some bloated sleazy uncle who keeps turning up despite nobody knowing who
he's related to, take your pick).
Couple this with the tendency of some children to tear the
wrapping off presents so manically that you wonder if they've got secret a habit
of snorting crack out of shiny boxes, and there's a palpable sense of
franticness and speed around the festive season. Everyone has a lot to do, and
it seemingly against the clock.
When it comes to science, the man who personifies this is Robert
Liston, fastest knife in the West End (I didn't make that up, that's an actual nickname)
The link will give you all you need to know about Liston, but
just in case you prefer to finish this first, Liston was a surgeon. Everyone
respects a surgeon, right? The ability
to actually delve inside a living human being, repair a living, biological system
that's not working to a potentially fatal extent, and put everything back
together so the patient lives through the whole thing; what more noble,
honourable profession is there?
Liston was nothing like that.
It's important to remember, for all that some people might
not like it now (I'm looking at you , homeopaths!),
medicine used to be a hell of a lot worse in the 1800s,
and surgery in particular. The 3 main developments that made surgery something
people survived with some regularity were anaesthetics, analgesics
and antiseptics,
meaning people stopped dying due to the horrific pain during surgery, the
horrific pain after surgery, or infections caused by the surgery (this would
have been before germs were even properly discovered and recognised as
something to avoid, so hospitals were rarely cleaned; why would they be?) Blood
loss is also a problem, but they've got that essentially under control too
these days.
Liston operated (in every sense of the word) before any of
these things were taken into account during surgery. The only thing that
mattered was speed. Medical knowledge wasn't as advanced as it is now, so it was
a simple two-step system; lop it off, quick as you can. Job done.
Liston was the best at this. He brought the energy and
enthusiasm of a hyperactive child opening presents on Christmas day to the
operating theatre. And you know how sometimes those kids will get so carried
away they actually end up damaging the present as well, sometimes irreparably?
Liston did that too.
Which is a nice way of saying he killed a lot of people with
his enthusiasm. And you may be thinking 'surely with no anaesthetics or hygiene,
pretty much everyone undergoing surgery died back then?' And you'd be right,
but Liston went the extra mile and is one of the only surgeons to have killed
bystanders.
This is a guy who accidentally cut off
a man's testicles during one surgery (I'm assuming that wasn't what the operation
was actually for), but his most famous case was when he amputated a leg in 2
and half minutes and killed 3 people. In these days of the 1800's, surgery was
a popular form of entertainment, hence the term operating
'theatre'. People would gather round and just watch. It's like Saw
3D, only with no popcorn, so it probably smelled slightly better.
During this one amputation, Liston cut off the patients leg,
but the patient died from gangrene anyway. He also cut off the fingers of an assistant
who was restraining him. The assistant also died from gangrene. At the end of
the amputation, he somehow got carried away and slashed through a spectators
coat, and they promptly died of shock from the fright. When people say 'natural
medicine', this is the sort of thing they never think of.
Imagine a child so carried away when opening a present they
break 3 of their siblings gifts, take someone's eye out, stamp on the dog and
set fire to the tree. Now give that child a saw and you've essentially got
Robert Liston.
Just to put the fast pace of the Christmas period into some
sort of perspective.
Happy Friday!
Twitter: @garwboy
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